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Traumatic Brain Injury

Also called: Caused brain injury, TBI

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Summary

What is traumatic brain injury (TBI)?

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a sudden injury that causes damage to the encephalon. It may happen when in that location is a blow, bump, or jolt to the head. This is a closed head injury. A TBI can besides happen when an object penetrates the skull. This is a penetrating injury.

Symptoms of a TBI tin be mild, moderate, or severe. Concussions are a type of mild TBI. The furnishings of a concussion tin sometimes be serious, merely most people completely recover in fourth dimension. More severe TBI tin can lead to serious physical and psychological symptoms, blackout, and fifty-fifty death.

What causes traumatic encephalon injury (TBI)?

The main causes of TBI depend on the type of head injury:

• Some of the common causes of a closed head injury include
  • Falls. This is the nearly mutual cause in adults age 65 and older.
  • Motor vehicle crashes. This is the most common cause in immature adults.
  • Sports injuries
  • Being struck by an object
  • Child abuse. This is the near common cause in children under historic period iv.
  • Blast injuries due to explosions
• Some of the mutual causes of a penetrating injury include
  • Being hit past a bullet or shrapnel
  • Being hit by a weapon such equally a hammer, knife, or baseball game bat
  • A head injury that causes a bone fragment to penetrate the skull

Some accidents such every bit explosions, natural disasters, or other extreme events can cause both closed and penetrating TBI in the same person.

Who is at hazard for traumatic brain injury (TBI)?

Certain groups are at higher risk of TBI:

• Men are more likely to get a TBI than women. They are also more likely to accept serious TBI.
• Adults aged 65 and older are at the greatest risk for being hospitalized and dying from a TBI

What are the symptoms of traumatic brain injury (TBI)?

The symptoms of TBI depend on the type of injury and how serious the encephalon impairment is.

The symptoms of balmy TBI tin can include:

• A brief loss of consciousness in some cases. Nonetheless, many people with mild TBI remain conscious subsequently the injury.
• Headache
• Confusion
• Lightheadedness
• Dizziness
• Blurred vision or tired optics
• Ringing in the ears
• Bad gustatory modality in the oral cavity
• Fatigue or lethargy
• A change in slumber patterns
• Behavioral or mood changes
• Trouble with memory, concentration, attention, or thinking

If you have a moderate or astringent TBI, you lot may have those same symptoms. You lot may too have other symptoms such every bit:

• A headache that gets worse or does not go away
• Repeated vomiting or nausea
• Convulsions or seizures
• Not being able to wake upwardly from slumber
• Larger than normal pupil (nighttime heart) of one or both eyes. This is chosen dilation of the student.
• Slurred oral communication
• Weakness or numbness in the arms and legs
• Loss of coordination
• Increased confusion, restlessness, or agitation

How is traumatic brain injury (TBI) diagnosed?

If you have a head injury or other trauma that may have caused a TBI, yous need to get medical care as soon every bit possible. To make a diagnosis, your health care provider:

• Will enquire about your symptoms and the details of your injury
• Will do a neurologic test
• May do imaging tests, such as a CT browse or MRI
• May use a tool such as the Glasgow blackout scale to determine how astringent the TBI is. This scale measures your power to open your eyes, speak, and movement.
• May do neuropsychological tests to check how your encephalon is functioning

What are the treatments for traumatic brain injury (TBI)?

The treatments for TBI depend on many factors, including the size, severity, and location of the encephalon injury.

For mild TBI, the main treatment is rest. If you take a headache, yous can try taking over-the-counter pain relievers. It is important to follow your health care provider's instructions for complete rest and a gradual return to your normal activities. If you start doing too much besides before long, it may take longer to recover. Contact your provider if your symptoms are not getting better or if y'all have new symptoms.

For moderate to astringent TBI, the first thing health intendance providers will do is stabilize you to preclude further injury. They volition manage your blood pressure, check the pressure inside your skull, and brand sure that there is enough blood and oxygen getting to your brain.

In one case you are stable, the treatments may include:

• Surgery to reduce additional damage to your brain, for example to
  • Remove hematomas (clotted claret)
  • Go rid of damaged or dead brain tissue
  • Repair skull fractures
  • Salve pressure in the skull
• Medicines to treat the symptoms of TBI and to lower some of the risks associated with it, such as
  • Anti-anxiety medication to lessen feelings of nervousness and fearfulness
  • Anticoagulants to forestall claret clots
  • Anticonvulsants to preclude seizures
  • Antidepressants to treat symptoms of depression and mood instability
  • Muscle relaxants to reduce muscle spasms
  • Stimulants to increase alertness and attention
• Rehabilitation therapies, which can include therapies for physical, emotional, and cognitive difficulties:
  • Concrete therapy, to build physical strength, coordination, and flexibility
  • Occupational therapy, to help you learn or relearn how to perform daily tasks, such as getting dressed, cooking, and bathing
  • Speech therapy, to assistance you to with speech and other advice skills and treat swallowing disorders
  • Psychological counseling, to help you larn coping skills, work on relationships, and improve your emotional well-being
  • Vocational counseling, which focuses on your power to return to work and deal with workplace challenges
  • Cognitive therapy, to ameliorate your memory, attention, perception, learning, planning, and judgment

Some people with TBI may accept permanent disabilities. A TBI can as well put you at risk for other health problems such as anxiety, depression, and mail service-traumatic stress disorder. Treating these problems can improve your quality of life.

Can traumatic brain injury (TBI) be prevented?

In that location are steps you tin take to prevent head injuries and TBIs:

• E'er wear your seatbelt and utilise car seats and booster seats for children
• Never drive nether the influence of drugs or alcohol
• Wear a properly fitting helmet when riding a wheel, skateboarding, and playing sports like hockey and football game
• Prevent falls by
  • Making your house safer. For example, you lot can install railings on the stairs and grab confined in the tub, get rid of tripping hazards, and use window guards and stair safety gates for immature children.
  • Improving your balance and force with regular physical activeness

Start Here

• What Are Common Symptoms of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)? (Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Establish of Child Health and Human Development) Also in Spanish

• Head Trauma: First Assist (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Enquiry) Also in Spanish

• Epilepsy Tin Follow Traumatic Brain Injury (Centers for Illness Command and Prevention)

• Cerebral Contusions and Lacerations (Merck & Co., Inc.) Also in Spanish
• Cerebral Hypoxia (National Found of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) Also in Spanish
• Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Enquiry) Also in Spanish
• Intracranial Hematoma (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research) Likewise in Spanish
• Severe Traumatic Brain Injury (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)

• Brain components (Medical Encyclopedia) As well in Castilian

• Blood-based Biomarker Tin Detect, Predict Severity of Traumatic Encephalon Injury (National Institutes of Health, Clinical Middle)
• Life and Death of a Neuron (National Establish of Neurological Disorders and Stroke)
• Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Data (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)

• Abusive Head Trauma (Shaken Baby Syndrome) (Nemours Foundation) Besides in Spanish
• Shaken Babe Syndrome (American Clan for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus)
• Shaken Baby Syndrome (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) As well in Castilian

• Brain injury - belch (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish
• Chronic subdural hematoma (Medical Encyclopedia) Besides in Spanish
• EEG (Medical Encyclopedia) Too in Spanish
• Head injury - first assistance (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish
• Intracranial force per unit area monitoring (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish
• Subdural hematoma (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish

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Source: https://medlineplus.gov/traumaticbraininjury.html

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